North Macedonia

INDICATORS OF THE QUALITY OF WORKERS’ RIGHTS 2025

Sonja Stojadinović

1. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

1.1 Normative foundations of the rights of workers

The Labor Law was adopted in 2005 and since then many amendments were adopted from 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2023, 2025.^[1] The major amendments in the given period were: regulation of work time for construction workers especially in the summer period; protection of pregnant women at workplace; regulation of actions preceding work dismissal; abolition of night shifts for the employee if there is no transport during the period; children under 15 or those who haven’t completed compulsory education are prohibited from employment, except for legally permitted activities, which are limited to two hours daily and 12 hours weekly during school terms, and six hours daily and 30 hours weekly during school holidays; implementation of the system of collective bargaining; and protection of workers against discrimination on working place.^[2] The latest amendments to this law, adopted in 2025, are contained in Article 104, which extends employment for persons in appointed positions. By submitting a personal statement, they can remain employed until the age of 67.^[3]

The workers have a right to unionization that is protected under the Constitution and the collective bargaining is regulated by the Labor Law, but this tool is still left to be implemented in various work sectors.

The other laws that are regulating the sphere of employment and social protection are Law on Employment and Insurance in Cases of Unemployment, Law on Labor Inspection, Law on Volunteering, Law on Employment of Disabled Persons, Law on Health and Safety at Work, Law on Peaceful Resolution of Labor Disputes, Law on Salaries, Law on Minimal Salary, Law on Protection from Harassment at Workplace, Law on Private Employment Agencies.

During the process of law adoption or adoption of amendments, even if all social partners are included (like labor unions, Chamber of Commerce, Chamber of Employers and others), not on all occasions their comments and demands are implemented into the regulation.

1.2. Describe general situation on the labour market

For the third quarter of 2024 the data from the Statistical office of North Macedonia is as follows:^[4]

• activity rate was 52.3%;
• employment rate was 45.8%;
• informal employment rate was 11.6%;
• unemployment rate was 12.4%;
• youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24) remained high at 28.9% in 2024;^[5]
• informal employment rate 13.2%;
• total number of workers 694,506, of which 525,232 were employed in private sector;
• employment by sectors: agriculture sector 62,287; wholesale, retail trade and repair of motor vehicles 102,075; manufacturing 137,626; public administration and defense 52,676, education 44,994, human health and social work 48,657.

1.3. Other important issues

Another information that must be taken into account is that the migration of young, highly educated workers and also skilled professionals is constantly increasing. State statistical office published a data that average number of skilled workers that emigrate abroad is 12,000 per year.^[6]

2. ADEQUATE EARNING AND PRODUCTIVE WORK

2.1. Basic data on earnings

• minimum wage: 24,379 (MKD) monthly net salary (cca. 392 €);^[7]
• average earnings: 42,874 (MKD) monthly net salary (cca. 690 €);^[8]
• medial earnings: no data;
• the ratio of the living wage (52,235 MKD for 2021, cca. 840 €) to the minimum wage is 1:2.14 (minimum wage covered 46.7% of the living wage);^[9]
• highest earnings in 2023 were in Information and Communication sector with monthly net salary of 79,458 MKD (cca 1,278 €), Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning Supply 55,092 MKD monthly net salary (cca. 886 €), and Accommodation and Food Service Activities 30,831 MKD (cca. 496 €), Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 33,410 MKD (cca. 538 €).^[10]

2.2. Other important issues

The data issued by the Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia is that the minimum consumer basket for the month of July 2024 is 65,328 MKD (cca. 1052 €). The trade union also calculated that if a four-member family has to live in a rented apartment needs 80,703 denars (cca 1301 €) to get through the month.^[11] In response to these figures, Prime Minister Hristijan Mickoski announced that, together with the Economic and Social Council, the government will soon introduce a new system for calculating the consumer basket, with five separate baskets: for a single person, for a young couple, for a three-member family, for a four-member family, and for pensioners.^[12]

Risk of Being Poor

The most up-to-date poverty statistics for North Macedonia are from the year 2023:^[13]

• the at-risk-of-poverty rate was: 22.2% of the general population; 30% of the population under 17 years of age; 20.5% of age between 18-64; 19.2% of age 65 and higher;
• regarding households that are at risk of poverty, the highest percentage of risk was for households of two adults with three or more children (48.9%) and households of single parents with dependent children (45%);
• the at-risk-of-poverty threshold of single-person household annual equivalent income was 144,578 MKD (cca. 2,332 €);
• the at-risk-of-poverty threshold of a four-person household (2 adults and 2 children aged less than 14) annual equivalent income was 303,614 MKD (cca. 4,897 €);
• according to the most frequent activity status, the at-risk-of-poverty rate for employed persons was 8.4%, unemployed 47.5% while for the pensioners it was 11.3%.
  the poverty threshold is defined at 60% of median equivalised income;
• Gini coefficient (measure of income distribution inequality) was 30.3%.

3. DECENT WORKING TIME

3.1. Basic data on working time

According to the Labor Law:

• legal maximum duration of full-time work; by Labor Law the work time is 40 hours a week, 5 days. With a collective bargaining the work time can be reduced on 36 hours a week but not lower than that (Article 116);^[14]
• latest available data shows that the average working time in 2020 was 39 hours per week. It’s important to point out that this was a year of the COVID-19 pandemic, during which the average weekly working hours dropped significantly from the previous five-year average of 41.35 hours;^[15]
• the legal maximum duration of overtime work; no more than 8 hours per week, 190 hours annually (Article 117);^[16]
• the legal maximum duration of working time in the redistribution of working time; no more than 12 hours per day and 55 hours per week;
• minimum hours of daily rest: 12 hours;
• minimum hours of weekly rest: 24 hours (Article 134);^[17]
• minimum duration of annual leave (in days or working weeks): 20 days.

3.2 Additional information on working time

Overtime work is regulated by the article 117 within Labor Law:

1. the employee is obliged at the request of the employer to perform work after the full working time (overtime): a) in cases of exceptional increase in the volume of work; b) if the business or production process requires; c) if it is necessary to remove damage to the means of work, which would caused the termination of work; d) if necessary to ensure the safety of people and property, as well as the safety of turnover and e) in other cases determined by law or collective agreement.
2. Overtime work can last a maximum of eight hours during a week and a maximum of 190 hours per year, except for works that due to the specific process of work can not be interrupted or for which there are no conditions and opportunities to organize shift work. In this case overtime in a period of three months cannot at average exceed more than eight hours per week.
3. For workers of the Ministry of internal affairs, who perform special duties and powers pursuant to a special law, overtime work may last longer than 190 hours a year, due to the execution of urgent and unavoidable tasks, upon prior written consent of the employee.
4. Overtime is remunerated in accordance with the following rates: 35% for overtime work, 35% for night work, 5% for work performed in three shifts, and 50% for work performed on Sundays, calculated as an increase on the regular hourly rate.^[18]

• Other important issues

The payment of overtime work remains a serious problem in North Macedonia, even in the public administration. There are numerous cases of unpaid overtime in the private sector, particularly in textile and leather factories and in security companies. This problem is further aggravated by the ongoing shortage of labor inspectors in the field.

4. Overtime is paid and it is regulated by the following criteria: overtime 35%, night work 35%, work in three shifts 5% and work on Sunday 50% increasing on the price of the regular working hour.^[17]

4.1. Information on stability of work

Type of contracts workers mostly signed, latest available data: ^[19]

• rate of employment contract for an indefinite period was 82.2% in 2020,
• rate of fixed-term employment contract was 17.8% in 2020,
• rate of temporary agency workers was 0.2%.

Additional information on fixed-term contracts:

• maximum contract duration: 5 years
• Labor Law allows different forms contracts such as: temporary employment that regulates work on projects, seasonal work, part time and on call work, multi-party employment relationship that is also known as “labor on hire”.
• The law allows extending the fixed term contracts and allows the employees to sign contracts with different employers depending on the scope of work.^[20]

4.2. Information on security of work

• The reasons for contract termination and the contract termination procedure is prescribed by Labor Law (Article 77)
• The notice period prescribed by law cannot be shorter than 30 days, the worker has a right on paid salary and if in the given working period the workers has not used the vacation days, they also have to be paid by the employer. If the worker is dismissed only due to no fault of their own, she/he has a right on financial compensation under following conditions (Article 97):

1. up to five years spent in employment – in the amount of one net salary;
2. five to ten years spent in employment – in the amount of two net wages;
3. from ten to 15 years spent in employment – in the amount of three net wages;
4. from 15 to 20 years spent in employment – in the amount of four net wages;
5. from 20 to 25 years spent in employment – in the amount of five net wages and
6. over 25 years spent in employment – in the amount of six net wages.^[21]

After loss of employment, the worker has a right to financial support from the Agency for employment in the period of three months.

4.3. Other important issues

The fact that the significant percentage of workers in North Macedonia are working on fixed term contracts creates an unsafe environment for workers and they are solely dependable on the interests of the employer. The sectors in which are reported many cases of breaching workers’ rights (such as not paying for overtime hours, not paying salaries on time, and illegally dismissing workers) are construction sector and textile sector.

The significant shortage of labor inspectors, combined with their inadequate remuneration, has created a situation where there is little to no effective monitoring of labor market practices in North Macedonia. Labor unions are unable to effectively represent and protect workers’ rights, often due to the fact that there are many employer-controlled labor unions, which further exacerbates the problem, leaving workers vulnerable to exploitation. At the same time many workers have faced retaliatory job loss for union membership and activism.

Also a notable development is the adoption of the Law on Employment of Persons which will enter into force on 1 January 2026. Nominally, the law’s primary goal is to regulate temporary and seasonal employment, ensuring that individuals engaged in such work have their rights adequately protected, while simultaneously addressing employers’ labor needs and integrating informal work into the formal economy.

In practice, the law defines temporary and seasonal work as employment outside the standard employment relationship as regulated by the Labor Law. In doing so, it reflects a broader trend towards the fragmentation of labor legislation, the weakening of the overarching labor framework, and the precarisation of employment through the introduction of new forms of work that do not carry the same rights and protections as standard employment contracts.

5. EQUAL OPPORTUNITY AND TREATMENT

5.1. Information on the national anti-discrimination system

In Macedonian legislation anti-discrimination is regulated by the Law on protection and prevention from discrimination, Law on equal opportunities for men and women^[22] and in Labor Law there are several articles on protection from discrimination.^[23] In these laws there are measures for protection from discrimination based on gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, religion. Also, Labor Law mandates equal pay for equal work, regardless of gender, prohibits discrimination in hiring, conditions of work, pay, training, career advancement, and termination. Women are protected from job loss due to pregnancy, child adoption and care for dependent family members and protected from discrimination based on gender in the process of employment.

The state institutions that are responsible for protection from discrimination are Ombudsman and Commission for Prevention and Protection against Discrimination.^[24] Every citizen has the right to file a complaint with the aforementioned institutions if there is a suspicion that their rights have been violated. The Commission is not only a complaint body but also has investigative and advisory powers: it can issue opinions, recommend remedies, and initiate court proceedings. This is important because it demonstrates that victims are not limited to seeking protection solely from the Ombudsman.

Regarding judicial protection and compensation, victims of discrimination can file lawsuits before the basic courts, which may order the cessation of discrimination, the annulment of discriminatory acts, and compensation for damages. The law recognizes harassment, sexual harassment, victimization, and hate speech as forms of discrimination, while employers are obliged to ensure protection against workplace harassment.
5.2 Information on the national gender equality system

The mentioned legislation protects citizens from discrimination based on gender and gender roles and there is a ban on asking questions regarding marital status during job interviews. Although labor laws prohibit the dismissal of women due to pregnancy or maternity leave, at least two cases have been reported by the media in the past two years where women have lost their jobs under these circumstances.^[25]

It is possible for a father to take paternity leave and that is regulated with Labor Law. Maternity leave, which can be shared between the mother and father, is provided for a duration of nine months.

The only profession that is still present in Labor Law that forbids employment of women is mining. The “equal pay for the work of equal value” principle is implemented in Labor Law and in the Law on Equal Opportunities for men and women, but the data shows that this principle is not implemented in the employer’s practice.

5.3. Information on the effects of the anti-discrimination system

Regarding the employment rate by gender, there was a slight increase in female employment among those aged 15–64 between 2023 and 2024. In 2023, the employment rate for women stood at 48.5%, rising to 49.5% in 2024.^[26] The gender gap in employment in 2024 was 16.5 percentage points.

It should also be noted that the activity rate among females was 55.7%, compared with 76.2% among males in 2024.^[27] This clearly indicates that women continue to face inequality in the labor market and remain under-represented compared to men.

Women earn 9.8% less than men.^[28]

5.4. Other important issues

The research data have shown that sexual harassment and discrimination in job promotions are still present and widespread.^[29]

6. SAFE WORK ENVIRONMENT

6.1. Indicators of providing adequate measures for protection and safety of workers

• the number of workers killed on an annual basis in 2024 was 17 workers;^[30]
• in 2024 133 accidents in the workplace were noted,^[31]
• number of killed workers per 100,000 workers in 2024 was 2.45;
• number of labor inspectors: 110;
• number of labor inspectors per 10,000 workers: 1.6.

Unfortunately, the State Labor Inspectorate and the Institute for Public Health do not have aligned methodology for collecting data on forms of injuries at work and professional occupation diseases and they publish different data.

The data for injuries and death on workplace provided by the Macedonian organization for protection at work, emphasizes that it is the only one who closely pictures the situation on the workplace in Macedonia but also does not provide all data for all workplace accidents, deaths and occupational diseases.

The sick leave is regulated by Labor Law and Law on Safety and Health at Workplace. The worker can issue sick leave from the appointed medical practitioner or from the family doctor by his/her own choice. Sick leave is paid 65% from the monthly salary and it can last in accordance with the medical condition and it is usually not longer than 30 days. However, the worker can request prolongation of sick leave through a special commission of medical examiners if his/her health condition does not yet allow safe return to work. Employers can not force the worker to come back at work sooner than the appointed period of sick leave.

6.2. Arrangement of the occupational health and safety system

The internal mechanisms for occupational safety standards exist as obligatory in Labor Law and Law on Safety and Health at Workplace. Employers have obligations to appoint a specific person from the employees as a supervisor for the work conditions. Workers have the right to refuse work if they believe that it does not fulfil safety standards and by its judgment is not safe to conduct its work duties. Labor inspector within the credentials from the Law on Safety and Health at the Workplace can issue a prohibition of the work process at the employer that does not meet standards of occupational safety at work. Additionally, this law obliges the employer to create safe working environment and implement all safety standards at work, to create strategy for protection at work, to offer protection gear, to consult labor union in the company regarding safety standards or relevant labor union for the sector.^[32]

6.3. Other important issues

Although the North Macedonian laws related to labor are mostly in line with international and EU standards, the practice shows deviations. Every year during summer when the temperatures are high, labor inspections issue warnings and recommend construction workers to restrain from work during hot days, or to limit their work activities. Unfortunately, in repeated inspections, the results were that the employers do not respect inspection warnings and force workers to work under dangerous conditions. Similar situation can be seen in textile companies where due to some illogical decision for saving electricity, the employers do not turn on the air conditioner during the summer and there were cases when workers lost consciousness from high temperature in the working environment. The fines for employers are mostly financial and they are not enough to ensure compliance from companies to follow occupational safety standards.

7. SOCIAL SECURITY

7.1. Adequate amount of workers’ pensions

• the amount of the minimum pension: 18,192 MKD (cca. 293 €) 2024; ^[33]
• average pension in 2024 amount: 21,720 MKD (cca. 350 €);^[34]
• the amount of the medial pension: no data available;
• highest pension is 80,800 (MKD) (cca. 1307 €);
• the ratio of the living wage (living wage for 2021 was 52,235, cca. 840 €) to the minimum pension is 1:2,9, and the ratio of the living wage to the average pension is 1:2.

7.2. Other important issues to be analyzed within this unit (optional)

The number of citizens that use agricultural pension was 40 in average for 2024 and the pension is on the level under the minimum pension, cca. 11,600 MKD (cca. 187 €). The highest pension amounted 82,780 MKD (cca. 1330 €) in December 2024 and is received by a total of 27 people. The majority of pensioners receive pension on the basis of age. More than 60% of the pensioners receive pension lower than 25,000 MKD (cca. 400 €).^[35]

Additional problem that was supposed to be solved by the previous government (socialdemocrats) is adopting a Law of social pension that will cover thousands of citizens that are older than 65 years but have not filled the standards for acquiring pension and are living in poverty. Until today, this law has not been adopted.^[36]

8. SOCIAL DIALOGUE, EMPLOYERS’ AND WORKERS’ REPRESENTATION

8.1. Basic data on effects of social dialogue and collective bargaining

There is no official data of the rate of unionization of workers in North Macedonia. The data on the web site of the Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia shows that they have around 70,000 members organized in 19 branch unions.^[37] There is also a Confederation of Free Labor Unions of Macedonia that counts 11 branch labor unions in its membership.^[38] Collective agreements are regulated within the Labor Law but are not present in all economic sectors.

8.2. Additional information on social dialogue bargaining

The socio-economic council was established within Labor Law in 2005. The Economic and Social Council consists of 12 members, four members from the government, four members from the representative trade union and 4 members from the Representative Association of employers at the national level.^[39] There are also local socio-economic councils in 12 municipalities.^[40] There is a general collective agreement for the public sector^[41] and general collective agreement for the private sector. ^[42] 

8.3. Other important issues to be analyzed within this unit

Every change of the government in North Macedonia is followed by change in the leadership of the Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia and unfortunately, some labor unions are labelled as supporters of this or that political party. This is directly linked to the government, as the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection is responsible for confirming the election of new union leaders, and its authority in this matter is regulated by the Labor Law.^[43][44] Although labor unions are striving to raise the minimum wage and protect workers’ rights, there is often visible pressure from the government to tone down their demands and indirectly support the interests of the business community. While many collective agreements are formally concluded and in force, they do not cover all economic sectors, leaving a significant portion of workers without protection and dependent on the goodwill of employers.

Production of this document was supported by Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung Southeast Europe with funds of the German Federal Foreign Office. This publication or parts of it can be used by others for free as long as they provide a proper reference to the original publication. The content of the publication is the sole responsibility of the Centre for the Politics of Emancipation and does not necessarily reflect a position of RLS.

^[1] Министерство за труд и социјална политика, легислатива (Web site of Ministry of labor and social policy, legislation): https://www.mtsp.gov.mk/zakoni.nspx, 25.08.2024

^[2] DESK, Finance and Task, “Променет е Законот за работни односи”, (The amendments on Labor Law have been adopted) 2018, https://www.solutionsacc.com.mk/mk/zakon-za-rabotni-odnosi/, 25.08.2024

^[3] See: https://pepeljugoski.com.mk/en/2025/03/06/the-latest-amendments-and-supplements-to-the-labor-relations-law/, 20.09.2025

^[4] State Statistics Office: https://www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie_en.aspx?rbrtxt=98, 27.09.2025

^[5] World Bank Open Data Source North Macedonia, https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/northmacedonia/overview, 27.09.2025

^[6] Радио Слободна Европа, „Одливот на мозоци чини стотици илјади евра, државата спие“, https://www.slobodnaevropa.mk/a/iseluvanje-mladi-revizor/33020240.html, 26.08.2024.

^[7] WageIndicator, data for North Macedonia 2025: https://wageindicator.org/salary/minimum-wage/north-macedonia

^[8] State Statistics Office: https://www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie_en.aspx?rbrtxt=41

^[9] Living wage calculations (for year 2021) according to the research of Clean Clothes Campaign can be found here: https://cleanclothes.org/campaigns/europe-floor-wage. It should be noted that due to rising inflation, the living wage is now significantly higher, but more recent data on the living wage is currently unavailable.

^[10] State Statistics Office: https://www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie_en.aspx?rbrtxt=41

^[11] Фактор, „Синдикалната кошничка поскапа за 630 денари“ (Faktor, „The trade union consumer basket went up by 630 denars“), https://faktor.mk/sindikalnata-koshnichka-poskapa-za-630-denari, 27.09.2025.

^[12] Фактор, „Мицкоски: Ќе имаме пет потрошувачки кошнички“ (Faktor, „Mickoski: We’ll introduce five consumer baskets“), https://faktor.mk/mickoski-kje-imame-pet-potroshuvachki-koshnici, 27.09.2025.

^[13] State Statistics Office: https://www.stat.mk/en/stat/population-and-living-conditions/standard-of-living/laeken-poverty-indicators/laeken-poverty-indicators/

^[14] Закон за работни односи, консолидиран текст (Labor Law, consolidated text) (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia) „Службен весник на Република Македонија“ бр. 62/2005;106/2008; 161/2008; 114/2009; 130/2009; 149/2009; 50/2010; 52/2010; 124/2010; 47/2011;11/2012; 39/2012; 13/2013; 25/2013; 170/2013; 187/2013; 113/2014; 20/2015; 33/2015; 72/2015;129/2015 и 27/2016 .120/18), .110/19), 267/20), 151/21), .288/21) .111/23), https://mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/2023/trud/ZRO,%20precisten%20tekst%202023.pdf 26.08.2024

^[15] See: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/lfsa_ewhais/default/table?lang=en
It should be noted that this was 05.09.2024

^[16] Закон за работни односи, член 117, (Labor Law, article 117), Закон за работни односи, консолидиран текст (Labor Law, consolidated text) (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia) „Службен весник на Република Македонија“ бр. 62/2005;106/2008; 161/2008; 114/2009; 130/2009; 149/2009; 50/2010; 52/2010; 124/2010; 47/2011;11/2012; 39/2012; 13/2013; 25/2013; 170/2013; 187/2013; 113/2014; 20/2015; 33/2015; 72/2015;129/2015 и 27/2016 .120/18), .110/19), 267/20), 151/21), .288/21) .111/23), https://mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/2023/trud/ZRO,%20precisten%20tekst%202023.pdf 28.08.2024

^[17] ibid

^[18] Кои се вашите права доколку работите прекувремено?, Кариера.мк. (What are your working rights if you workovertime?) https://kariera.mk/article/7454/koi-se-vashite-prava-dokolku-rabotite-prekuvremeno 29.08.2024

^[19] Не стандардни форми на вработување во Северна Македонија„ (“Non standard forms of employment in North Macedonia”), Nikica Mojsovska Blazhevski, Marjan Petreski, Aleksandar Ristovski, Copyright ILO, publication year 2021, https://socijalendijalog.mk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/NSE-EN-FINAL.pdf 29.08.2024

^[20] ibid

^[21] Закон за работни односи, член 97, (Labor Law, article 97), Закон за работни односи, консолидиран текст (Labor Law, consolidated text) (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia) „Службен весник на Република Македонија“ бр. 62/2005; 106/2008; 161/2008; 114/2009; 130/2009; 149/2009; 50/2010; 52/2010; 124/2010; 47/2011;11/2012; 39/2012; 13/2013; 25/2013; 170/2013; 187/2013; 113/2014; 20/2015; 33/2015; 72/2015; 129/2015 и 27/2016 .120/18), .110/19), 267/20), 151/21), .288/21) .111/23), https://mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/2023/trud/ZRO,%20precisten%20tekst%202023.pdf 

^[22] Закон за еднакви можности за мажите и жените, (Law on equal opportunities for men and women, 2014, consolidated text) (“Службен Весник на Република Македонија” бр.6/2012, 166/2014) Official Gazzette of Republic of Macedoni 6/2012, 166/2014) https://www.mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/zakoni/2017/precisten%20tekst%202015%20na%20ZEM_nov.pdf

^[23] Закон за спречување и заштита од дискриминација , (Law on protection and prevention from discrimination, 2020,) Службен весник на Република Северна Македонија (Offižial Gazette of Republic of North Macedonia. 258/2020 https://www.mtsp.gov.mk/content/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5%20%D0%B8%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%B4%20%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.pdf

^[24]Комисија за заштита и спречување на дискриминација ( Commission for protection and prevention from discrimination), https://kszd.mk/ 29.08.2024

^[25] „Во седми месец бременост ја избркале од работа, на бебето не му дале осигурување, а на нејзино место ставиле колега кој сексуално ја вознемирувал„, СДК, Октомври 2023 (In 7^th month of pregnancy loss her job, the baby have not received insurance and they employed the man who was sexually harassing her”) https://sdk.mk/index.php/neraskazhani-prikazni/vo-sedmi-mesets-od-bremenosta-kazhale-deka-ke-ja-brkaat-od-rabota-na-bebeto-ne-mu-dale-zdravstveno-osiguruvane-a-na-nejzinoto-mesto-go-postavile-kolegata-shto-seksualno-ja-voznemiruval/ 29.08.2024

^[26] State Statistics Office: https://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/2025/2.1.25.04_mk.pdf, 20.09.2025.

^[27] Ibid.

^[28] World Bank, North Macedonia – Country Gender Assesment, 2024, p 34. See: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/1ffb6bb5-7ee2-4d93-931e-63599353405d/content,

^[29] „Родово базирана дискриминација и работнички права во Северна Македонија!, Реактор, 2022, (Gender based discrimination and workers rights in North Macedonia) https://reactor.org.mk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/mk_b5-web.pdf 29.08.2024.

^[30] Македонско здружение за заштита при работа, годишен извештај за несреќи на работно место, 2024 (Macedonian Union for protection at work, Annual report for work accidents in 2024), https://mzzpr.org.mk/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/IZVESTAJ-NESRECI-PRI-RABOTA-2024.pdf, 20.09.2025.

^[31] ibid

^[32] Закон за заштита и здравје при работа, консолидиран текст (Law on Health and Safety at Workplace, consolidated text), https://www.mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/trud_2017/pravilnici/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%2016,11-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%91%D0%97%D0%A0.pdf

^[33] Владата ги зголеми пензиите, за 2500 денари, просечната пензија ја надминува просечната плата во Македонија (The government increased pensions by 2,500 denars, bringing the average pension above the average salary in Macedonia), https://lider.mk/vladata-gi-zgolemi-penziite-za-2-500-denari-prosechnata-penzija-go-nadminuva-iznosot-na-minimalnata-plata-vo-makedonija/

^[34] Фонд за пензиско и инвалидско осигурување, пензии за 2024 (State fund for pension and disability insurance, pension data 2024), https://www.piom.com.mk/statistics/statistika-2024/, 30.10.2025

^[35] Ibid.

^[36] Радио Слободна Европа, „ Социјалната пензија ќе реши многу проблеми„, Декември 2017, (Radio Free Europe, The social pension will solve many problems, December 2017)https://www.slobodnaevropa.mk/a/28942445.html 30.08.2024

^[37] Сојуз на синдикати на Македонија (Union of labor unions in Macedonia, official web site), https://www.ssm.org.mk/mk/shto-dobivash-shto-gubish 30.08.2024

^[38] Конфедерација на слободни синдикати, , (Confederation of free labor unions) https://kss.mk/%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bd%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8-%d1%81%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b4%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b8/ 30.08.2024

^[39] Економско социјален совет, (Socio economic council) https://ness.mk/about/ 30.08.2024

^[40] Локален економско социјален совет, (Local socio economic council) http://less.mk/ 30.08.2024

^[41] Општо колективен договор за јавниот сектор, (General collective agreement for public sector)https://www.mtsp.gov.mk/WBStorage/Files/opstkolektiven.pdf 30.08.2024

^[42] Општ колективен договор за приватниот сектор од областа на стопанството, (General collective agreement in the private sector) https://www.ssm.org.mk/sites/default/files/files/dokumenti/2016/06/opsht_kolektiven_dogovor_za_privaten_sektor_od_oblasta_na_stopanstvoto_sl._vesnik_na_rm_br.115_od_1.08.2014_g.pdf 30.08.2024

^[43] „Синдикален минилог со тупаници!, Катерина Блажевска, Призма, 2017 (Union monologue with fists), Katerina Blazhevska, Prizma, 2017, https://prizma.mk/kolumni/sindikalen-monolog-tupanitsi/ 30.08.2024

^[44] Закон за работни односи, член 97, (Labor Law, article 97), Закон за работни односи, консолидиран текст (Labor Law, consolidated text) (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia) „Службен весник на Република Македонија“ бр. 62/2005;106/2008; 161/2008; 114/2009; 130/2009; 149/2009; 50/2010; 52/2010; 124/2010; 47/2011;11/2012; 39/2012; 13/2013; 25/2013; 170/2013; 187/2013; 113/2014; 20/2015; 33/2015; 72/2015;129/2015 и 27/2016 .120/18), .110/19), 267/20), 151/21), .288/21) .111/23), https://mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/2023/trud/ZRO,%20precisten%20tekst%202023.pdf