North Macedonia

INDICATORS OF THE QUALITY OF WORKERS’ RIGHTS

Sonja Stojadinović

EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

ADEQUATE EARNING AND PRODUCTIVE WORK

DECENT WORKING TIME

STABILITY AND SECURITY OF WORK

EQUAL OPPORTUNITY AND TREATMENT

SAFE WORK ENVIRONMENT

SOCIAL SECURITY

SOCIAL DIALOGUE, EMPLOYERS’ AND WORKERS’ REPRESENTATION

  1. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

1.1 Normative foundations of the rights of workers

The Labour Law was adopted in 2005 and since then many amendments were adopted in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2023. [1]The major amendments in the given period were: regulation of work time for construction workers especially in the summer period; protection of pregnant women at workplace; regulation of actions preceding work dismissal; abolition of night shifts for the employee if there is no transport during the period; protective measures for employment of minors (older than 15 years) at work places where working hours are limited to 2 hours per day; implementation of the system of collective bargaining; and protection of workers against discrimination on working place.[2] The workers have a right on unionization that is protected under the Constitution and the collective bargaining is regulated by Labour Law, but this tool is still left to be implemented in various work sectors. The other laws that are regulating the sphere of employment and social protection are Law on employment and insurance in cases of unemployment, Law on labour inspection, Law on volunteering, Law on employment of disabled persons, Law on health and safety at work, Law on peaceful resolution of labour disputes, Law on salaries, Law on minimal salary, Law on protection from harassment at workplace, Law on private agencies employment.

During the process of law adoption or adoption of amendments, even if all social partners are included (like labour unions, Chamber of commerce, Chamber of employers and others), not on all occasions their comments and demands are implemented into the regulation.

1.2. Describe general situation on the labour market

For the first quarter of 2024 the data from the Statistical office of North Macedonia as as follows:

  • activity rate; 54.9%
  • employment rate; 45.4%
  • informal employment rate; 14%
  • unemployment rate; 12.9%
  • total number of workers: 687,351
  • employment by sectors from the statistical data from 2020: agriculture sector 91.150 total, private ownership in agriculture 87.264, wholesale, retail trade and repair of motor vehicles 98.416, manufacturing 134.395, public administration and defence 49.648.[3]

It is important to be noted that there is a distinction in the data from the first and second quarter of the year 2020 in compared sectors of retail and public administration. There is a decreasing employment in the retail sector and an increase in employment in the public sector.

1.3. Other important issues

According to data from the Employment agency from the first half of 2024, the unemployment rate is higher among women in all cities in North Macedonia and the higher unemployment rate is among citizens in the age between 25 to 49 years. [4]Another information that has to be taken into account is that the migration of seasonal workers is higher every year, skilled workers such as IT and medical staff included.

  1. ADEQUATE EARNING AND PRODUCTIVE WORK

2.1. Basic data on earnings

  • minimum wage; 22.567 (MKD) monthly net salary (cca 365 €)
  • average earnings; 41.939 (MKD) monthly net salary (cca 679 €)[5]
  • medial earnings; 36.572 (MKD) monthly net salary (cca 592 €)[6]
  • the ratio of the living wage (52,235 MKD for 2021, cca. 840 €) to the minimum wage is 1:2.31 (minimum wage covered 43.2% of the living wage);[7]
  • the ratio of the living wage to the medial earnings is 1:1.43 (medial wage covered 70% of the living wage);
  • highest earnings in 2023 were in IT sector with monthly net salary of 81.984 MKD (cca 1314 €), air transport 50.513 MKD monthly net salary (cca 818 €),[8] and lowest salary was for bodyguard and personal protection services 17.878 MKD (cca 289 €), leather production and leather products 19.529 MKD (cca 316 €).[9]

2.2. Other important issues

The statistical data on the web site of the State Statistical office offers data for the minimum, maximum and average salary without taking into account the medial salary. The data issued by the Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia is that the minimum consumer basket for the month of May 2024 is 60.090 MKD (cca 973 €) which is again lower than two average salaries together in one household. [10]

  1. DECENT WORKING TIME

3.1. Basic data on working time

According to the Labour Law:

  • legal maximum duration of full-time work; by Labour Law the work time is 40 hours a week, 5 days. With a collective bargaining the work time can be reduced on 36 hours a week but not lower than that (Article 116);[11]
  • latest available data shows that the average working time in 2020 was 39 hours per week. It’s important to point out that this was a year of the COVID-19 pandemic, during which the average weekly working hours dropped significantly from the previous five-year average of 41.35 hours.;[12]
  • the legal maximum duration of overtime work; no more than 8 hours per week, 190 hours annually (Article 117);[13]
  • the legal maximum duration of working time in the redistribution of working time; no more than 12 hours per day and 55 hours per week;
  • minimum hours of daily rest: 12 hours;
  • minimum hours of weekly rest: 24 hours (Article 134);[14]
  • minimum duration of annual leave (in days or working weeks): 20 days.

3.2 Additional information on working time

Overtime work is regulated by the article 117 within Labour Law:

  1. the employee is obliged at the request of the employer to perform work through the full working time (overtime: 1) in cases of exceptional increase in the volume of work; 2) if the business or production process is required; 3) if it is necessary to remove damage to the means of work, which would caused the termination of work; 4) if necessary to ensure the safety of people and property, as well as the safety of turnover and 5) in other cases determined by law or collective agreement.
  2.  Overtime work can last a maximum of eight hours during a week and a maximum of 190 hours per year, except for works that due to the specific process of work can not be interrupted or for which there are no conditions and opportunities to organize shift work. Overtime in a period of three months cannot be average to exceed more than eight hours per week.
  3. For workers of the Ministry of internal affairs, who perform special duties and powers pursuant to a special law, overtime work may last longer than 190 hours a year, due to the execution of urgent and urgent works, upon prior written consent of the employee.
  1. Overtime is paid and it is regulated by the following criteria: overtime 35%, night work 35%, work in three shifts 5% and work on Sunday 50% increasing on the price of the regular working hour.[15]
  • Other important issues

The payment of overtime work is still a problem in North Macedonia even in public administration. There are many cases of unpaid overtime work in the private sector, especially in textile and leather companies and companies for security. Additional heaviness to this problem is added due to the fact that there is an ongoing problem with lack of labour inspectors on the field.

  1. STABILITY AND SECURITY OF WORK

4.1. Information on stability of work

Type of contracts workers mostly signed:

  • rate of employment contract for an indefinite period was 82.2% in 2020;
  • rate of fixed-term employment contract was 17.8% in 2020;
  • rate of temporary agency workers was 0.2% in 2020. [16]

Additional information on fixed-term contracts:

  • maximum contract duration: 5 years
  • the possibility of concluding a contract without a special reason (provided by the law); the Labour Law regulates contract duration to be 5 years and after to be automatically transferred into permanent employment;
  • Labour Law also allows different forms of fixed term contracts such as: temporary employment that regulates work on projects, seasonal work, casual work, part time and on call work, multi-party employment relationship that is also known as “dispatch”, “brokerage” and “labour on hire”.[17] Additionally, the forms of contract can be regulated in accordance with the law and collective agreement. The law allows extending the fixed term contracts and allows the employees to sign contracts with different employers depending on the scope of work.

4.2. Information on security of work

  • The reasons for contract termination and the contract termination procedure is prescribed by Labour Law (Article 77)
  • The notice period prescribed by law can not be shorter than 30 days, the worker has a right on paid salary and if in the given working period the workers has not used the vacation days, they also have to be paid by the employer. If the worker is dismissed only due to business reasons, she/he has a right on financial compensation under following conditions (Article 97):
  • up to five years spent in employment – in the amount of one net salary;
  • five to ten years spent in employment – in the amount of two net wages;
  • from ten to 15 years spent in employment – in the amount of three net wages;
  • from 15 to 20 years spent in employment – in the amount of four net wages;
  • from 20 to 25 years spent in employment – in the amount of five net wages and

6) over 25 years spent in employment – in the amount of six net wages.[18]

After loss of employment, the worker has a right to financial support from the Agency for employment in the period of three months.

4.3. Other important issues

The fact that the significant percentage of workers in North Macedonia are working on fixed term contracts creates an unsafe environment for workers and they are solely dependable on the interests of the employer. The sectors in which are reported many cases of breaching workers rights (such as not paying for overtime hours, not paying salaries on time, and illegally dismissing workers) are construction sector and textile sector. There are even cases of state owned companies that have financial problems and are breaching the workers rights and Labour Law (e.g. state owned company Macedonian railway and Macedonian Post Office have not paid their workers for three months in 2024).[19] As it was mentioned before, the lack of labour inspectors and their low salaries are contributing to a situation of almost complete absence of supervision and control over the labour market in North Macedonia. Labour unions are not able to efficiently protect workers due to the fact that there are many employers – controlled labour unions. Also, there have been many cases of workers who lost their jobs due to membership and activity in labour unions.

  1. EQUAL OPPORTUNITY AND TREATMENT

5.1. Information on the national anti-discrimination system

In Macedonian legislation anti-discrimination is regulated by the Law on protection and prevention from discrimination, Law on equal opportunities for men and women[20] and in Labour Law there are several articles on protection from discrimination. [21] In these laws there are measures for protection from discrimination based on gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, religion, also Labour Law has articles in which women have to be paid equally as men, they are protected from job loss due to pregnancy, child adoption and care for dependant family member and protected from discrimination based on gender in the process of employing. The state institutions that are responsible for protection from discrimination are Ombudsman and Commission for protection and prevention from discrimination.[22] Every citizen has a right to file a complaint to the aforementioned institutions if there is a suspicion that his/her rights have been violated.

5.2 Information on the national gender equality system

The mentioned legislation protects citizens from discrimination based on gender and gender roles and there is a ban on asking questions regarding marital status during job interviews. Within the Law on labour relations it is prohibited for women to lose their job due to pregnancy and childbirth. Unfortunately, in the last two years there were at least two media reported cases where women lost their jobs due to pregnancy. [23]

It is possible for a father to take paternity leave and that is regulated with Labour Law. The mother has a right to 9 months maternity leave while the father has a right to 3 months.

5.3. Information on the effects of the anti-discrimination system

According to a report from the World Bank from 2018, the gender gap in activity rate is 27%, while at the time the average gender gap in the EU-28 was 11.2 percentage points. The gender gap in employment was approximately 19%.[24] Women earn 12.5% less than men.[25] The only profession that is still present in Labour Law that forbids employment of women is mining. The “equal pay for the work of equal value” principle is implemented in Labour Law and in the Law on equal opportunities for men and women, but the data shows that this principle is not implemented in the employer’s practice.

5.4. Other important issues

The research data have shown that sexual harassment and discrimination in job promotions are still present and wide spread. [26]

  1. SAFE WORK ENVIRONMENT

6.1. Indicators of providing adequate measures for protection and safety of workers

  • the number of workers killed on an annual basis in 2023 was 15 workers;[27]
  • in 2023 93 accidents on workplace were noted[28]
  • number of killed workers per 100,000 workers in 2023 was 2.18;[29]
  • number of labour inspectors per 10,000 workers: 1.6

The State labour inspectorate employs 110 inspectors and 12.057 inspections were conducted in the 6 months period July-December 2023.[30] For the given period of 6 months, the report shows 6 cases of death at workplace and according to the number of reported injuries at work, especially risky work activities are in the: processing sector, metallurgy, activities of health and social protection, wholesale, water supply and water waste removal, construction, supply with energy, steam, gas and air conditioning, mining and quarrying, transportation and scaling. [31]

The source that is used for the data for injuries and death on workplace from the Macedonian organization for protection at work, emphasises that it is the only one who closely pictures the situation on the work place in Macedonia but also does not provide all data for all workplace accidents, workplace deaths and occupational diseases.

The sick leave is regulated by Labour Law and Law on safety and health at work place. The worker can issue a sick leave from the appointed medical practitioner or from the family doctor by his/her own choice. Sick leave is paid 65% from the monthly salary and it can last in accordance with the medical condition and it is usually not longer than 30 days. However, the worker can request prolongation of the sick leave through a special commission of medical examiners if his/her health condition does not yet allow safe return to work. Employers can not force the worker to come back at work sooner than the appointed period of sick leave.

6.2. Arrangement of the occupational health and safety system

The internal mechanisms for occupational safety standards exist as obligatory in Labour Law and Law on safety and health at work place. Employers have obligations to appoint a specific person from the employees as a supervisor for the work conditions. Workers have the right to refuse work if they believe that it does not fulfill safety standards and by its judgment is not safe to conduct its work duties. Labour inspector within the credentials from the Law on safety and health at the workplace can issue a prohibition of the work process at the employer that does not meet standards of occupational safety at work. Additionally, this law obliges the employer to create safe working environment and implement all safety standards at work, to create strategy for protection at work, to offer protection gear, to consult labour union in the company regarding safety standards or relevant labour union for the sector (Article 9, 10 and 11 from the Law on safety and health at work place). [32]

6.3. Other important issues

Although the Macedonian laws related to labour are mostly in line with international and EU standards, the practice shows deviations. Every year during summer when the temperatures are high, labour inspections issue warnings and recommend construction workers to restrain from work during hot days, or to limit their work activities. Unfortunately in repeated inspections, the results were that the employers do not respect inspection warnings and force workers to work under dangerous conditions. Similar situation can be seen in textile companies where due to some illogical decision for saving electricity, the employers do not turn on the air conditioner during the summer and there were cases when workers lost consciousness from high temperature in the working environment. The fines for employers are mostly financial and they are not enough to ensure compliance from companies to follow occupational safety standards.

  1. SOCIAL SECURITY

7.1. Adequate amount of workers’ pensions

  • the amount of the minimum pension: 12,527 MKD (cca 203 €)
  • average pension amount: 21,500 MKD (cca 348 €)[33]
  • the amount of the medial pension: no data available
  • the ratio of the living wage (living wage for 2021 was 52,235, cca. 840 €) to the minimum pension is 1:4.17 (minimum pension covered 24% of the living wage) and the ratio of the living wage to the average pension is 1:2.43 (average pension covered 41.16% of the living wage);[34]

7.2. Other important issues

The number of citizens that use agricultural pension is 40 and the pension is on the level under the minimum pension, cca 10,954 MKD (cca 177 €). The majority of pensioners receive pension on the basis of age. 30% of the pensioners receive pension between 12,193 and 16,909 MKD, which is little above the minimum pension in the country.[35] Additional problem that was supposed to be solved by the previous government (Social democrats) is adopting a Law of social pension that will cover thousands of citizens that are older than 65 years but have not filled the standards for acquiring pension and are living in poverty. Until today, this law has not been adopted.[36]

  1. SOCIAL DIALOGUE, EMPLOYERS’ AND WORKERS’ REPRESENTATION

8.1. Basic data on effects of social dialogue and collective bargaining

There is no official data of the rate of unionization of workers in North Macedonia. The data on the web site of the Union of labour unions shows that they have around 70,000 members organized in 19 branch unions[37]. There is also a Confederation of free labour unions of Macedonia that counts 11 branch labour unions in its membership[38]. Collective agreements are regulated within Labour Law but are not present in all economic sectors.

8.2. Additional information on social dialogue bargaining

The socio-economic council was established within Labour Law in 2005. The Economic and Social Council consists of 12 members, four members from the government, four members from the representative trade union and 4 members from the Representative Association of employers at the national level.[39] There are also local socio-economic councils in 12 municipalities.[40] There is a general collective agreement for the public sector[41] and general collective agreement for the private sector.[42] 

8.3. Other important issues

Every change of the government in North Macedonia is followed by change in the leadership of the Union of labour unions and unfortunately, some labour unions are labeled as supporters of this or that political party.This is connected directly with the government because the Ministry for labour and social protection is responsible for confirming the election of new union leader and this ministry’s ingerence is regulated within Labour Law.[43][44] Although labour unions are struggling to increase the minimum wage and protect workers rights, in many cases there is visible pressure from the Government on them to lower the demands and indirectly support the interests of the business community. Although many collective agreements are formally concluded and in applied, they are not present in all economic sectors and protection of a significant part of workers is left at the business interests of employers.

Production of this document was supported by Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung Southeast Europe with funds of the German Federal Foreign Office. This publication or parts of it can be used by others for free as long as they provide a proper reference to the original publication. The content of the publication is the sole responsibility of the Centre for the Politics of Emancipation and does not necessarily reflect a position of RLS.

[1] Министерство за труд и социјална политика, легислатива (Web site of Ministry of labour and social policy, legislation:) https://www.mtsp.gov.mk/zakoni.nspx, 25.08.2024

[2] DESK, Finance and Task, “Променет е Законот за работни односи”, (The amendments on Law on labour relations have been adopted) 2018, https://www.solutionsacc.com.mk/mk/zakon-za-rabotni-odnosi/ 25.08.2024

[3] Државн завод за статистика, Податоци за пазарот на труд, 2020 (State Statistical office of North Macedonia, labour market data from 2020), https://www.stat.gov.mk/ pdf/2024/2.1.24.32_mk.pdf , 26.08.2024

[4] Агенција за вработување на Република Северна Македонија, преглед на невработени лица според возрастна структура, 2024, (Agency for employment of North Macedonian, list of unemployed citizens by age) lhttps://av.gov.mk/content/Statisticki%20podatoci/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%202024/P2_vozrast062024.pdf , 26.08.2024

[5] Државен завод за статистика, прв квартал 2024, (State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, data first quarter 2024), https://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/2024/4.1.24.74_mk.pdf, 26.08.2024

[6] Нова Македонија, “Просечна плата наспроти медијална плата„. 08.09.2023, (Nova Makedonija, “Average salary versus medial salary) https://novamakedonija.com.mk/makedonija/prosechna-plata-nasproti-medijalna-plata/, 26.08.2024

[7] Living wage calculations (for year 2021) according to the research of Clean Clothes Campaign can be found here: https://cleanclothes.org/campaigns/europe-floor-wage. It should be noted that due to rising inflation, the living wage is now significantly higher, but more recent data on the living wage is currently unavailable.

[8] Пари „15 највисоки плати во Македонија„ ( Pari, 15 highest salaries in Macedonia) https://pari.com.mk/ovie-10-finansiski-giganti-kontroliraat-pola/ , 26.08.2024

[9] Пари, „10 Најниски плати во Македонија„, (Pari, “ 10 lowest salaries in Macedonia) https://pari.com.mk/10-najniski-neto-plati-vo-makedonija-zakotveni/ 26.08.2024

[10] Нова Македонија „Синдикална минимална кошница за мај 60.090, (Nova Makedonija, Union minimum consumer basket vo May 60.090) https://novamakedonija.com.mk/ekonomija/sindikalna-minimalna-koshnica-za-maj-60-09000-denari/ 26.08.2024

[11] Закон за работни односи, консолидиран текст (Law on labour relations, consolidated text) (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia) „Службен весник на Република Македонија“ бр. 62/2005;106/2008; 161/2008; 114/2009; 130/2009; 149/2009; 50/2010; 52/2010; 124/2010; 47/2011;11/2012; 39/2012; 13/2013; 25/2013; 170/2013; 187/2013; 113/2014; 20/2015; 33/2015; 72/2015;129/2015 и 27/2016 .120/18), .110/19), 267/20), 151/21), .288/21) .111/23), https://mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/2023/trud/ZRO,%20precisten%20tekst%202023.pdf 26.08.2024

[12] See: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/lfsa_ewhais/default/table?lang=en
It should be noted that this was 05.09.2024

[13] Закон за работни односи, член 117, (Law on labour relations, article 117), Закон за работни односи, консолидиран текст (Law on labour relations, consolidated text) (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia) „Службен весник на Република Македонија“ бр. 62/2005;106/2008; 161/2008; 114/2009; 130/2009; 149/2009; 50/2010; 52/2010; 124/2010; 47/2011;11/2012; 39/2012; 13/2013; 25/2013; 170/2013; 187/2013; 113/2014; 20/2015; 33/2015; 72/2015;129/2015 и 27/2016 .120/18), .110/19), 267/20), 151/21), .288/21) .111/23), https://mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/2023/trud/ZRO,%20precisten%20tekst%202023.pdf 28.08.2024

[14] ibid

[15] Кои се вашите права доколку работите прекувремено?, Кариера.мк. (What are your working rights if you workovertime?) https://kariera.mk/article/7454/koi-se-vashite-prava-dokolku-rabotite-prekuvremeno 29.08.2024

[16] Не стандардни форми на вработување во Северна Македонија„ (“Non standard forms of employment in North Macedonia”), Nikica Mojsovska Blazhevski, Marjan Petreski, Aleksandar Ristovski, Copyright ILO, publication year 2021, https://socijalendijalog.mk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/NSE-EN-FINAL.pdf 29.08.2024

[17] ibid

[18] Закон за работни односи, член 97, (Law on labour relations, article 97), Закон за работни односи, консолидиран текст (Law on labour relations, consolidated text) (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia) „Службен весник на Република Македонија“ бр. 62/2005;106/2008; 161/2008; 114/2009; 130/2009; 149/2009; 50/2010; 52/2010; 124/2010; 47/2011;11/2012; 39/2012; 13/2013; 25/2013; 170/2013; 187/2013; 113/2014; 20/2015; 33/2015; 72/2015;129/2015 и 27/2016 .120/18), .110/19), 267/20), 151/21), .288/21) .111/23), https://mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/2023/trud/ZRO,%20precisten%20tekst%202023.pdf 

[19] „Вработените во Железница и Пошта добија плата„, Вечер, (Employees in Railway and Post office received salary) Vecher, 19.07.2024, https://www.vecer.press/plata/ , 29.08.2024

[20] Закон за еднакви можности за мажите и жените, (Law on equal opportunities for men and women, 2014, consolidated text) (“Службен Весник на Република Македонија” бр.6/2012, 166/2014) Official Gazzette of Republic of Macedoni 6/2012, 166/2014) https://www.mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/zakoni/2017/precisten%20tekst%202015%20na%20ZEM_nov.pdf

[21] Закон за спречување и заштита од дискриминација , (Law on protection and prevention from discrimination, 2020,) Службен весник на Република Северна Македонија (Offižial Gazette of Republic of North Macedonia. 258/2020 https://www.mtsp.gov.mk/content/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5%20%D0%B8%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%B4%20%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.pdf

[22]Комисија за заштита и спречување на дискриминација ( Commission for protection and prevention from discrimination), https://kszd.mk/ 29.08.2024

[23] „Во седми месец бременост ја избркале од работа, на бебето не му дале осигурување, а на нејзино место ставиле колега кој сексуално ја вознемирувал„, СДК, Октомври 2023 (In 7th month of pregnancy loss her job, the baby have not received insurance and they employed the man who was sexually harassing her”) https://sdk.mk/index.php/neraskazhani-prikazni/vo-sedmi-mesets-od-bremenosta-kazhale-deka-ke-ja-brkaat-od-rabota-na-bebeto-ne-mu-dale-zdravstveno-osiguruvane-a-na-nejzinoto-mesto-go-postavile-kolegata-shto-seksualno-ja-voznemiruval/ 29.08.2024

[24] “Trends in labour markets in FYR Macedonia: A gender lens”, 2018, World Bank Group, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/986351530094208973/pdf/MKD-Gender-Disparities-in-labour-Market-Final-revised.pdf 29.08.2024

[25] Finance Think, „Зошто жените заработуваат помалку од мажите?„, (Why women earn less than men?)https://www.financethink.mk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Policy-brief-9.pdf 29.08.2024

[26] „Родово базирана дискриминација и работнички права во Северна Македонија!, Реактор, 2022, (Gender based discrimination and workers rights in North Macedonia) https://reactor.org.mk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/mk_b5-web.pdf 29.08.2024

[27] Македонско здружение за заштита при работа, годишен извештај за несреќи на работно место, 2023 (Macedonian Union for protection at work, Annual report for work accidents in 2023), https://mzzpr.org.mk/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IZVESTAJ-NESRECI-PRI-RABOTA-2023.pdf 30.08.2024

[28] ibid

[29] ibid

[30] Извештај за работа на Државен трудов инспекторат период Јули – Декември 2023 (Report on the work of State labour inspection for period July-December 2023), https://dit.gov.mk/media/documents/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%20%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%20%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%20%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%202023%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.pdf 30.08.2024

[31] ibid

[32] Закон за заштита и здравје при работа, консолидиран текст (Law on health and safety at work, consolidated text), Oficial Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia, („Службен весник на Република Македонија“ бр. 92/2007, 136/2011, 23/2013, 25/2013, 137/2013, 164/2013, 158/2014, 15/2015,129/2015, 192/2015 и 30/2016 https://www.mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/trud_2017/pravilnici/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%2016,11-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%91%D0%97%D0%A0.pdf

[33]Фонд за пензиско и инвалидско осигурување, податоци за пензии Јуни 2024 (State fund for pension and disability insurance, pension data June 2024), https://www.piom.com.mk/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/06-2024-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8-2024.pdf 30.08.2024

[34] Државен завод за статистика, просечна плата Јуни 2024, (State Statistical Office, average salary June 2024), https://www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie_en.aspx?rbrtxt=40 30.08.2024

[35] Фонд за пензиско и инвалидско осигурување, пензии за Јуни 2024 (State fund for pension and disability insurance, pension data June 2024), https://www.piom.com.mk/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/06-2024-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8-2024.pdf 30.08.2024

[36] Радио Слободна Европа, „ Социјалната пензија ќе реши многу проблеми„, Декември 2017, (Radio Free Europe, The social pension will solve many problems, December 2017)https://www.slobodnaevropa.mk/a/28942445.html 30.08.2024

[37] Сојуз на синдикати на Македонија (Union of labour unions in Macedonia, official web site), https://www.ssm.org.mk/mk/shto-dobivash-shto-gubish 30.08.2024

[38] Конфедерација на слободни синдикати, , (Confederation of free labour unions) https://kss.mk/%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bd%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8-%d1%81%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b4%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b8/ 30.08.2024

[39] Економско социјален совет, (Socio economic council) https://ness.mk/about/ 30.08.2024

[40] Локален економско социјален совет, (Local socio economic council) http://less.mk/ 30.08.2024

[41] Општо колективен договор за јавниот сектор, (General collective agreement for public sector)https://www.mtsp.gov.mk/WBStorage/Files/opstkolektiven.pdf 30.08.2024

[42] Општ колективен договор за приватниот сектор од областа на стопанството, (General collective agreement in the private sector) https://www.ssm.org.mk/sites/default/files/files/dokumenti/2016/06/opsht_kolektiven_dogovor_za_privaten_sektor_od_oblasta_na_stopanstvoto_sl._vesnik_na_rm_br.115_od_1.08.2014_g.pdf 30.08.2024

[43] „Синдикален минилог со тупаници!, Катерина Блажевска, Призма, 2017 (Union monologue with fists), Katerina Blazhevska, Prizma, 2017, https://prizma.mk/kolumni/sindikalen-monolog-tupanitsi/ 30.08.2024

[44] Закон за работни односи, член 97, (Law on labour relations, article 97), Закон за работни односи, консолидиран текст (Law on labour relations, consolidated text) (Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia) „Службен весник на Република Македонија“ бр. 62/2005;106/2008; 161/2008; 114/2009; 130/2009; 149/2009; 50/2010; 52/2010; 124/2010; 47/2011;11/2012; 39/2012; 13/2013; 25/2013; 170/2013; 187/2013; 113/2014; 20/2015; 33/2015; 72/2015;129/2015 и 27/2016 .120/18), .110/19), 267/20), 151/21), .288/21) .111/23), https://mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/2023/trud/ZRO,%20precisten%20tekst%202023.pdf

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