North Macedonia

INDICATORS OF THE QUALITY OF WORKERS’ RIGHTS

Sonja Stojadinović

1. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

1.1 Normative foundations of the rights of workers

The Labour Law was adopted in 2005 and since then many amendments were adopted in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021, 2023. ^[1]The major amendments in the given period were: regulation of work time for construction workers especially in the summer period; protection of pregnant women at workplace; regulation of actions preceding work dismissal; abolition of night shifts for the employee if there is no transport during the period; children under 15 or those who haven’t completed compulsory education are prohibited from employment, except for legally permitted activities, which are limited to two hours daily and 12 hours weekly during school terms, and six hours daily and 30 hours weekly during school holidays; implementation of the system of collective bargaining; and protection of workers against discrimination on working place.^[2]

The workers have a right on unionization that is protected under the Constitution and the collective bargaining is regulated by Labour Law, but this tool is still left to be implemented in various work sectors.

The other laws that are regulating the sphere of employment and social protection are Law on Employment and Insurance in Cases of Unemployment, Law on Labour Inspection, Law on Volunteering, Law on Employment of Disabled Persons, Law on Health and Safety at Work, Law on Peaceful Resolution of Labour Disputes, Law on Salaries, Law on Minimal Salary, Law on Protection from Harassment at Workplace, Law on Private Employment Agencies.

During the process of law adoption or adoption of amendments, even if all social partners are included (like labour unions, Chamber of Commerce, Chamber of Employers and others), not on all occasions their comments and demands are implemented into the regulation.

1.2. Describe general situation on the labour market

For the third quarter of 2024 the data from the Statistical office of North Macedonia is as follows:^[3]

• activity rate; 52.6%
• employment rate; 45.6%
• informal employment rate; 14%
• unemployment rate; 12.5%
• total number of workers: 698,411
• employment by sectors from the statistical data from the third quarter 2024: agriculture sector 62,740total; private ownership in agriculture 60,499; wholesale, retail trade and repair of motor vehicles 99,904; manufacturing 142,365; public administration and defence 51,086.^[4]

1.3. Other important issues

According to data from the Employment agency from the first half of 2024, the unemployment rate is higher among women in all cities in North Macedonia and the higher unemployment rate is among citizens in the age between 25 to 49 years. ^[5]Another information that must be taken into account is that the migration of young, highly educated workers and also skilled professionals is constantly increasing. State statistical office published a data that average number of skilled workers that emigrate abroad is 12.000 per year.^[6]

2. ADEQUATE EARNING AND PRODUCTIVE WORK

2.1. Basic data on earnings

• minimum wage: 22,567 (MKD) monthly net salary (cca. 365 €);
• average earnings: 41,939 (MKD) monthly net salary (cca. 679 €);^[7]
• medial earnings: 36,572 (MKD) monthly net salary (cca. 592 €);^[8]
• the ratio of the living wage (52,235 MKD for 2021, cca. 840 €) to the minimum wage is 1:2.31 (minimum wage covered 43.2% of the living wage);^[9]
• the ratio of the living wage to the medial earnings is 1:1.43 (medial wage covered 70% of the living wage);
• highest earnings in 2023 were in IT sector with monthly net salary of 81,984 MKD (cca 1,314 €), air transport 50,513 MKD monthly net salary (cca. 818 €),^[10] and lowest salary was for bodyguard and personal protection services 17,878 MKD (cca. 289 €), leather production and leather products 19,529 MKD (cca. 316 €).^[11]

2.2. Other important issues

The statistical data on the web site of the State Statistical office offers data for the minimum, maximum and average salary without taking into account the medial salary. The data issued by the Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia is that the minimum consumer basket for the month of May 2024 is 60,090 MKD (cca. 973 €) which is again lower than two average salaries together in one household.^[12]

Risk of Being Poor

The most up-to-date poverty statistics for North Macedonia are from the year 2021:

• the at-risk-of-poverty rate was: 23% of the general population; 32.8% of the population under 17 years of age; 22.4% of age between 18-64; 15.1% of age 65 and higher;
• regarding households that are at risk of poverty, the highest percentage of risk was for households of two adults with three or more children (52.8%) and households of single parents with dependent children (49.8%);
• the poverty threshold is defined at 60% of median equivalised income;
• the at-risk-of-poverty threshold of single-person household annual equivalent income was 119,229 MKD (cca. 1,920 €);
• the at-risk-of-poverty threshold of a four-person household (2 adults and 2 children aged less than 14) annual equivalent income was 250,380 MKD (cca. 4,030 €).

3. DECENT WORKING TIME

3.1. Basic data on working time

According to the Labour Law:

• legal maximum duration of full-time work; by Labour Law the work time is 40 hours a week, 5 days. With a collective bargaining the work time can be reduced on 36 hours a week but not lower than that (Article 116);^[13]
• latest available data shows that the average working time in 2020 was 39 hours per week. It’s important to point out that this was a year of the COVID-19 pandemic, during which the average weekly working hours dropped significantly from the previous five-year average of 41.35 hours;^[14]
• the legal maximum duration of overtime work; no more than 8 hours per week, 190 hours annually (Article 117);^[15]
• the legal maximum duration of working time in the redistribution of working time; no more than 12 hours per day and 55 hours per week;
• minimum hours of daily rest: 12 hours;
• minimum hours of weekly rest: 24 hours (Article 134);^[16]
• minimum duration of annual leave (in days or working weeks): 20 days.

3.2 Additional information on working time

Overtime work is regulated by the article 117 within Labour Law:

1. the employee is obliged at the request of the employer to perform work after the full working time (overtime): 1) in cases of exceptional increase in the volume of work; 2) if the business or production process requires; 3) if it is necessary to remove damage to the means of work, which would caused the termination of work; 4) if necessary to ensure the safety of people and property, as well as the safety of turnover and 5) in other cases determined by law or collective agreement.
2. Overtime work can last a maximum of eight hours during a week and a maximum of 190 hours per year, except for works that due to the specific process of work can not be interrupted or for which there are no conditions and opportunities to organize shift work. In this case overtime in a period of three months cannot at average exceed more than eight hours per week.
3. For workers of the Ministry of internal affairs, who perform special duties and powers pursuant to a special law, overtime work may last longer than 190 hours a year, due to the execution of urgent and unavoidable tasks, upon prior written consent of the employee.

4. Overtime is paid and it is regulated by the following criteria: overtime 35%, night work 35%, work in three shifts 5% and work on Sunday 50% increasing on the price of the regular working hour.^[17]

3.3 Other important issues

The payment of overtime work is still a problem in North Macedonia even in public administration. There are many cases of unpaid overtime work in the private sector, especially in textile and leather companies and companies for security. Additional heaviness to this problem is added due to the fact that there is an ongoing problem with lack of labour inspectors on the field.

4. STABILITY AND SECURITY OF WORK

4.1. Information on stability of work

Type of contracts workers mostly signed:

• rate of employment contract for an indefinite period was 82.2% in 2020;
• rate of fixed-term employment contract was 17.8% in 2020;
• rate of temporary agency workers was 0.2% in 2020.^[18]

Additional information on fixed-term contracts:

• maximum contract duration: 5 years
• Labour Law allows different forms contracts such as: temporary employment that regulates work on projects, seasonal work, part time and on call work, multi-party employment relationship that is also known as “labour on hire”.^[19]
• The law allows extending the fixed term contracts and allows the employees to sign contracts with different employers depending on the scope of work.

4.2. Information on security of work

• The reasons for contract termination and the contract termination procedure is prescribed by Labour Law (Article 77)
• The notice period prescribed by law cannot be shorter than 30 days, the worker has a right on paid salary and if in the given working period the workers has not used the vacation days, they also have to be paid by the employer. If the worker is dismissed only due to no fault of their own, she/he has a right on financial compensation under following conditions (Article 97):

• up to five years spent in employment – in the amount of one net salary;
• five to ten years spent in employment – in the amount of two net wages;
• from ten to 15 years spent in employment – in the amount of three net wages;
• from 15 to 20 years spent in employment – in the amount of four net wages;
• from 20 to 25 years spent in employment – in the amount of five net wages and

6) over 25 years spent in employment – in the amount of six net wages.^[20]

After loss of employment, the worker has a right to financial support from the Agency for employment in the period of three months.

4.3. Other important issues

The fact that the significant percentage of workers in North Macedonia are working on fixed term contracts creates an unsafe environment for workers and they are solely dependable on the interests of the employer. The sectors in which are reported many cases of breaching workers’ rights (such as not paying for overtime hours, not paying salaries on time, and illegally dismissing workers) are construction sector and textile sector.

The significant shortage of labour inspectors, combined with their inadequate remuneration, has created a situation where there is little to no effective monitoring of labour market practices in North Macedonia. Labour unions are unable to effectively represent and protect workers’ rights, often due to the fact that there are many employer-controlled labour unions, which further exacerbates the problem, leaving workers vulnerable to exploitation. At the same time many workers have faced retaliatory job loss for union membership and activism.

5. EQUAL OPPORTUNITY AND TREATMENT

5.1. Information on the national anti-discrimination system

In Macedonian legislation anti-discrimination is regulated by the Law on protection and prevention from discrimination, Law on equal opportunities for men and women^[21] and in Labour Law there are several articles on protection from discrimination.^[22] In these laws there are measures for protection from discrimination based on gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, religion. Also, Labour Law mandates equal pay for equal work, regardless of gender. Women are protected from job loss due to pregnancy, child adoption and care for dependent family members and protected from discrimination based on gender in the process of employment. The state institutions that are responsible for protection from discrimination are Ombudsman and Commission for protection and prevention from discrimination.^[23] Every citizen has a right to file a complaint to the aforementioned institutions if there is a suspicion that his/her rights have been violated.

5.2 Information on the national gender equality system

The mentioned legislation protects citizens from discrimination based on gender and gender roles and there is a ban on asking questions regarding marital status during job interviews. Although labour laws prohibit the dismissal of women due to pregnancy or maternity leave, at least two cases have been reported by the media in the past two years where women have lost their jobs under these circumstances.^[24]

It is possible for a father to take paternity leave and that is regulated with Labour Law. Maternity leave, which can be shared between the mother and father, is provided for a duration of nine months.

5.3. Information on the effects of the anti-discrimination system

According to the World Bank 2023 report,^[25] the gender gap in activity rate was approximately 20 percentage points. The gender gap in employment in 2024 was approximately 15 percentage points.^[26] Women earn 9.8% less than men.^[27] The only profession that is still present in Labour Law that forbids employment of women is mining. The “equal pay for the work of equal value” principle is implemented in Labour Law and in the Law on Equal Opportunities for men and women, but the data shows that this principle is not implemented in the employer’s practice.

5.4. Other important issues

The research data have shown that sexual harassment and discrimination in job promotions are still present and widespread.^[28]

6. SAFE WORK ENVIRONMENT

6.1. Indicators of providing adequate measures for protection and safety of workers

• the number of workers killed on an annual basis in 2023 was 15 workers;^[29]
• in 2023 93 accidents on workplace were noted^[30]
• number of killed workers per 100,000 workers in 2023 was 2.18;^[31]
• number of labour inspectors per 10,000 workers: 1.6

The State labour inspectorate employs 110 inspectors and 12,057 inspections were conducted in the 6 months period July-December 2023.^[32] For the given period of 6 months, the report shows 6 cases of death at workplace and according to the number of reported injuries at work, especially risky work activities are in the: processing sector, metallurgy, activities of health and social protection, wholesale, water supply and water waste removal, construction, supply with energy, steam, gas and air conditioning, mining and quarrying, transportation and scaling.^[33]

Unfortunately the State Labour Inspectorate and the Institute for Public Health do not have aligned methodology for collecting data on forms of injuries at work and professional occupation diseases and they publish different data.^[34]

The data for injuries and death on workplace provided by the Macedonian organization for protection at work, emphasises that it is the only one who closely pictures the situation on the workplace in Macedonia but also does not provide all data for all workplace accidents, deaths and occupational diseases.

The sick leave is regulated by Labour Law and Law on Safety and Health at Workplace. The worker can issue a sick leave from the appointed medical practitioner or from the family doctor by his/her own choice. Sick leave is paid 65% from the monthly salary and it can last in accordance with the medical condition and it is usually not longer than 30 days. However, the worker can request prolongation of the sick leave through a special commission of medical examiners if his/her health condition does not yet allow safe return to work. Employers can not force the worker to come back at work sooner than the appointed period of sick leave.

6.2. Arrangement of the occupational health and safety system

The internal mechanisms for occupational safety standards exist as obligatory in Labour Law and Law on Safety and Health at Workplace. Employers have obligations to appoint a specific person from the employees as a supervisor for the work conditions. Workers have the right to refuse work if they believe that it does not fulfil safety standards and by its judgment is not safe to conduct its work duties. Labour inspector within the credentials from the Law on Safety and Health at the Workplace can issue a prohibition of the work process at the employer that does not meet standards of occupational safety at work. Additionally, this law obliges the employer to create safe working environment and implement all safety standards at work, to create strategy for protection at work, to offer protection gear, to consult labour union in the company regarding safety standards or relevant labour union for the sector.^[35]

6.3. Other important issues

Although the North Macedonian laws related to labour are mostly in line with international and EU standards, the practice shows deviations. Every year during summer when the temperatures are high, labour inspections issue warnings and recommend construction workers to restrain from work during hot days, or to limit their work activities. Unfortunately, in repeated inspections, the results were that the employers do not respect inspection warnings and force workers to work under dangerous conditions. Similar situation can be seen in textile companies where due to some illogical decision for saving electricity, the employers do not turn on the air conditioner during the summer and there were cases when workers lost consciousness from high temperature in the working environment. The fines for employers are mostly financial and they are not enough to ensure compliance from companies to follow occupational safety standards.

7. SOCIAL SECURITY

7.1. Adequate amount of workers’ pensions

• the amount of the minimum pension: 12,527 MKD (cca. 203 €)
• average pension amount: 21,500 MKD (cca. 348 €)^[36]
• the amount of the medial pension: no data available
• the ratio of the living wage (living wage for 2021 was 52,235, cca. 840 €) to the minimum pension is 1:4.17 (minimum pension covered 24% of the living wage) and the ratio of the living wage to the average pension is 1:2.43 (average pension covered 41.16% of the living wage).^[37]

7.2. Other important issues

The number of citizens that use agricultural pension is 40 and the pension is on the level under the minimum pension, cca 10,954 MKD (cca. 177 €). The majority of pensioners receive pension on the basis of age. 30% of the pensioners receive pension between 12,193 and 16,909 MKD, which is little above the minimum pension in the country.^[38] Additional problem that was supposed to be solved by the previous government (Social democrats) is adopting a Law of social pension that will cover thousands of citizens that are older than 65 years but have not filled the standards for acquiring pension and are living in poverty. Until today, this law has not been adopted.^[39]

8. SOCIAL DIALOGUE, EMPLOYERS’ AND WORKERS’ REPRESENTATION

8.1. Basic data on effects of social dialogue and collective bargaining

There is no official data of the rate of unionization of workers in North Macedonia. The data on the web site of the Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia shows that they have around 70,000 members organized in 19 branch unions^[40]. There is also a Confederation of free labour unions of Macedonia that counts 11 branch labour unions in its membership^[41]. Collective agreements are regulated within Labour Law but are not present in all economic sectors.

8.2. Additional information on social dialogue bargaining

The socio-economic council was established within Labour Law in 2005. The Economic and Social Council consists of 12 members, four members from the government, four members from the representative trade union and 4 members from the Representative Association of employers at the national level.^[42] There are also local socio-economic councils in 12 municipalities.^[43] There is a general collective agreement for the public sector^[44] and general collective agreement for the private sector.^[45]

8.3. Other important issues

Every change of the government in North Macedonia is followed by change in the leadership of the Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia and unfortunately, some labour unions are labelled as supporters of this or that political party. This is connected directly with the government because the Ministry for labour and social protection is responsible for confirming the election of new union leader and this ministry’s ingerence is regulated within Labour Law.^[46][47] Although labour unions are struggling to increase the minimum wage and protect workers rights, in many cases there is visible pressure from the Government on them to lower the demands and indirectly support the interests of the business community. Although many collective agreements are formally concluded and in applied, they are not present in all economic sectors and protection of a significant part of workers is left at the business interests of employers.

Production of this document was supported by Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung Southeast Europe with funds of the German Federal Foreign Office. This publication or parts of it can be used by others for free as long as they provide a proper reference to the original publication. The content of the publication is the sole responsibility of the Centre for the Politics of Emancipation and does not necessarily reflect a position of RLS.

[1] Министерство за труд и социјална политика (Ministry of Labour and Social Policy) https://www.mtsp.gov.mk/zakoni.nspx, 25.08.2024

[2] DESK, Finance and Task, “Променет е Законот за работни односи”, (The amendments on Law on labour relations have been adopted) 2018, https://www.solutionsacc.com.mk/mk/zakon-za-rabotni-odnosi/, 25.08.2024

[3] Државн завод за статистика, Податоци за пазарот на труд, 2024 (State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, Labor market data from 2024), https://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/2024/2.1.24.38_mk.pdf, 26.08.2024

[4] Државн завод за статистика, Податоци за пазарот на труд, 2024 (State Statistical office of North Macedonia, labour market data from 2024), https://www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie.aspx?rbrtxt=98, 26.08.2024

[5] Агенција за вработување на Република Северна Македонија, преглед на невработени лица според возрастна структура, 2024, (Agency for employment of North Macedonian, list of unemployed citizens by age) https://av.gov.mk/content/Statisticki%20podatoci/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%202024/P2_vozrast062024.pdf , 26.08.2024

[6] Радио Слободна Европа, „Одливот на мозоци чини стотици илјади евра, државата спие“, https://www.slobodnaevropa.mk/a/iseluvanje-mladi-revizor/33020240.html, 26.08.2024.

[7] Државен завод за статистика, прв квартал 2024, (State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, data first quarter 2024), https://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/2024/4.1.24.74_mk.pdf, 26.08.2024

[8] Нова Македонија, “Просечна плата наспроти медијална плата„. 08.09.2023, (Nova Makedonija, “Average salary versus medial salary) https://novamakedonija.com.mk/makedonija/prosechna-plata-nasproti-medijalna-plata/, 26.08.2024

[9] Living wage calculations (for year 2021) according to the research of Clean Clothes Campaign can be found here: https://cleanclothes.org/campaigns/europe-floor-wage. It should be noted that due to rising inflation, the living wage is now significantly higher, but more recent data on the living wage is currently unavailable.

[10] Пари „15 највисоки плати во Македонија“ ( Pari, 15 highest salaries in Macedonia) https://pari.com.mk/ovie-10-finansiski-giganti-kontroliraat-pola/ , 26.08.2024

[11] Пари, „10 Најниски плати во Македонија“ (Pari, 10 lowest salaries in Macedonia) https://pari.com.mk/10-najniski-neto-plati-vo-makedonija-zakotveni/, 26.08.2024

[12] Нова Македонија „Синдикална минимална кошница за мај 60.090“ (Nova Makedonija, Union minimum consumer basket for May 60.090) https://novamakedonija.com.mk/ekonomija/sindikalna-minimalna-koshnica-za-maj-60-09000-denari/, 26.08.2024

[13] Закон за работни односи, консолидиран текст (Labour Law, consolidated text) https://mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/2023/trud/ZRO,%20precisten%20tekst%202023.pdf, 26.08.2024

[14] See: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/lfsa_ewhais/default/table?lang=en, 05.09.2024

[15] Закон за работни односи, член 117, (Labour Law, article 117), https://mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/2023/trud/ZRO,%20precisten%20tekst%202023.pdf, 28.08.2024

[16] ibid

[17] Кои се вашите права доколку работите прекувремено?, Кариера.мк. (What are your working rights if you workovertime?) https://kariera.mk/article/7454/koi-se-vashite-prava-dokolku-rabotite-prekuvremeno, 29.08.2024

[18] Не стандардни форми на вработување во Северна Македонија„ (Non standard forms of employment in North Macedonia), Nikica Mojsovska Blazhevski, Marjan Petreski, Aleksandar Ristovski, ILO, 2021, https://socijalendijalog.mk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/NSE-EN-FINAL.pdf 29.08.2024

[19] ibid

[20] Закон за работни односи, член 97, (Labour Law, article 97), https://mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/2023/trud/ZRO,%20precisten%20tekst%202023.pdf

[21] Закон за еднакви можности за мажите и жените, (Law on equal opportunities for men and women, 2014, consolidated text) https://www.mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/zakoni/2017/precisten%20tekst%202015%20na%20ZEM_nov.pdf

[22] Закон за спречување и заштита од дискриминација, (Law on protection and prevention from discrimination, 2020) https://www.mtsp.gov.mk/content/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5%20%D0%B8%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%B4%20%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0.pdf

[23] Комисија за заштита и спречување на дискриминација (Commission for protection and prevention from discrimination), https://kszd.mk/, 29.08.2024

[24] „Во седми месец бременост ја избркале од работа, на бебето не му дале осигурување, а на нејзино место ставиле колега кој сексуално ја вознемирувал”, СДК, Октомври 2023 (In 7^th month of pregnancy loss her job, the baby have not received insurance and they employed the man who was sexually harassing her) https://sdk.mk/index.php/neraskazhani-prikazni/vo-sedmi-mesets-od-bremenosta-kazhale-deka-ke-ja-brkaat-od-rabota-na-bebeto-ne-mu-dale-zdravstveno-osiguruvane-a-na-nejzinoto-mesto-go-postavile-kolegata-shto-seksualno-ja-voznemiruval/, 29.08.2024

[25] See: https://genderdata.worldbank.org/en/economies/north-macedonia

[26] See: https://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/2024/2.1.24.38_mk.pdf, 29.08.2024

[27] World Bank, North Macedonia – Country Gender Assesment, 2024, p 34. See: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/1ffb6bb5-7ee2-4d93-931e-63599353405d/content, 29.08.2024

[28] „Родово базирана дискриминација и работнички права во Северна Македонија!”, Реактор, 2022, (Gender based discrimination and workers rights in North Macedonia) https://reactor.org.mk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/mk_b5-web.pdf, 29.08.2024

[29] Македонско здружение за заштита при работа, годишен извештај за несреќи на работно место, 2023 (Macedonian Union for protection at work, Annual report for work accidents in 2023), https://mzzpr.org.mk/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IZVESTAJ-NESRECI-PRI-RABOTA-2023.pdf 30.08.2024

[30] ibid

[31] ibid

[32] Извештај за работа на Државен трудов инспекторат период Јули – Декември 2023 (Report on the work of State labour inspection for period July-December 2023), https://dit.gov.mk/media/documents/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%20%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%20%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%20%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%202023%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0.pdf 30.08.2024

[33] ibid

[34] Стратегија за безбедност и здравје при работа, 2021-2025, Министерство за труд у социјална политика, (Strategy for safety and protection at work, 2021-2025, Ministry of labor and social policy), https://oshcouncils.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Strategija-BZR-2021-2025-sl-12.2021.pdf

[35] Закон за заштита и здравје при работа, консолидиран текст (Law on Health and Safety at Workplace, consolidated text), https://www.mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/trud_2017/pravilnici/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%2016,11-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%91%D0%97%D0%A0.pdf

[36]Фонд за пензиско и инвалидско осигурување, податоци за пензии Јуни 2024 (State fund for pension and disability insurance, pension data June 2024), https://www.piom.com.mk/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/06-2024-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8-2024.pdf, 30.08.2024

[37] Државен завод за статистика, просечна плата Јуни 2024, (State Statistical Office, average salary June 2024), https://www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie_en.aspx?rbrtxt=40, 30.08.2024

[38] Фонд за пензиско и инвалидско осигурување, пензии за Јуни 2024 (State fund for pension and disability insurance, pension data June 2024), https://www.piom.com.mk/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/06-2024-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8-%D0%B7%D0%B0-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8-2024.pdf, 30.08.2024

[39] Радио Слободна Европа, „Социјалната пензија ќе реши многу проблеми”, Декември 2017, (Radio Free Europe, The social pension will solve many problems, December 2017), https://www.slobodnaevropa.mk/a/28942445.html, 30.08.2024

[40] Сојуз на синдикати на Македонија (Federation of Trade Unions of Macedonia), https://www.ssm.org.mk/mk/shto-dobivash-shto-gubish, 30.08.2024

[41] Конфедерација на слободни синдикати, (Confederation of free labour unions) https://kss.mk/%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bd%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8-%d1%81%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b4%d0%b8%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b8/, 30.08.2024

[42] Економско социјален совет, (Socio economic council) https://ness.mk/about/, 30.08.2024

[43] Локален економско социјален совет, (Local socio economic council) http://less.mk/, 30.08.2024

[44] Општо колективен договор за јавниот сектор, (General collective agreement for public sector) https://www.mtsp.gov.mk/WBStorage/Files/opstkolektiven.pdf, 30.08.2024

[45] Општ колективен договор за приватниот сектор од областа на стопанството, (General collective agreement in the private sector) https://www.ssm.org.mk/sites/default/files/files/dokumenti/2016/06/opsht_kolektiven_dogovor_za_privaten_sektor_od_oblasta_na_stopanstvoto_sl._vesnik_na_rm_br.115_od_1.08.2014_g.pdf, 30.08.2024

[46] „Синдикален минилог со тупаници“, Катерина Блажевска, Призма, 2017 (Union monologue with fists), Katerina Blazhevska, Prizma, 2017, https://prizma.mk/kolumni/sindikalen-monolog-tupanitsi/, 30.08.2024

[47] Закон за работни односи, член 97, (Labour Law, article 97), https://mtsp.gov.mk/content/pdf/2023/trud/ZRO,%20precisten%20tekst%202023.pdf